Images
Act of June 2, 1924, Public Law 68-175, 43 STAT 253, Which Authorized the Secretary of the Interior to Issue Certificates of Citizenship to Indians. Digital image. National Archives, n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/global-pages/larger-image.html?i=/historical-docs/doc-content/images/indian-citizenship-act-1924-l.jpg&c=/historical-docs/doc-content/images/indian-citizenship-act-1924.caption.html> .
This is a digital image of the front page of the Indian Citizenship Act.
Brodie, Paul. "Map of Indian Reservations in the US." Map. N.p.: n.p., 1885. N. pag.Mapping the Land and Its People. State Historical Society of North Dakota, 2013. Web. 22 Sept. 2013. <http://digitalhorizonsonline.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/uw-ndshs&CISOPTR=2329>.
I used this map to compare Indian land in 1885 to a current map.
Crofutt, George A. American Progress. 1873. Prints & Photographs Online Catalog. Library of Congress. Web. 15 Sept. 2013. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3b40000/3b49000/3b49200/3b49232r.jpg>.
This iconic image of Manifest Destiny shows the white settlers pushing the Indian residents out of their land.
Campaign Button, 1912. Digital image. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. US House of Representatives, n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2013. <http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000666>.
This campaign button was the only image of Homer P. Snyder, author of the Indian Citizenship Act, that I could find online. I wanted a more formal portrait like the other photographs I used on the website, but could not find any.
Citizenship Ceremony. 1917. Photograph. State Historical Society of North Dakota. Reflections on the Relationships: Tribes and State. United Tribes Technical College, 10 Oct. 2008. Web. 15 Sept. 2013. <http://www.uttc.edu/news/speech/101008_01.asp>.
This photograph shows Lakota and Dakota citizens of the Standing Rock Sioux tribe receiving the patents to their land. Also evident in the photo are the elements of the US citizenship ceremony that Major James MacLaughlin created - the bow given to the US government, and the plow given to the new US citizen - as well as the US flag.
Dawes, Henry Laurens. N.d. Photograph. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. US House of Representatives. Web. 15 Sept. 2013. <http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=d000148>.
I used the image of Representative Dawes, author of the Dawes Act of 1887, from the biographical directory.
Ellis Island Processing. N.d. Photograph. Google Historical Voyages And Events "Ancestors' Journeys" Web. 15 Sept. 2013. <http://housecallsinthegardenstate.com/images/EllisIslandProcessing.jpg>.
I used the image of Ellis Island Processing as a contrast to the experience of Indians in the US.
Elsworth, Catherine. "Sitting Bull's Tribe Declares Independence." The Telegraph. N.p., 21 Dec. 2007. Web. 28 Sept. 2013. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1573343/Sitting-Bulls-tribe-declares-independence.html>.
This article from the Telegraph shows the international impact of the Lakota declaration of independence in 2007. I used the image of Russell Means from this article.
French, Herbert E. President Calvin Coolidge Posed with Natives, Possibly from the Plateau Area in the Northwestern United States, near the South Lawn of the White House. Digital image. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/94508991/>.
This image was taken February 18, 1925, after the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.
Grand-Jean, Laura. "Preserving a culture: Native American Writing, Religion, and Tradition.” N.p., 2001. Web. 20 Sept. 2013. <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/incorp/native/nativetrad.html>.
I used this website for the image of Zitkala-Sa. Several other photos online had her dressed in traditional Dakota clothing, but she was the secretary of the Society of American Indians, which advocated for integration and fitting into mainstream American society. Therefore, I decided to use a photo of her not in immediately identifiable traditional Dakota clothing.
"Henry Laurens Dawes." NNDB. Soylent Communications, 2013. Web. 20 Sept. 2013. <http://www.nndb.com/people/116/000096825/>.
I used this biography for the image of Senator Dawes.
"Indian Lands." Map. National Atlas of the United States of America. US Department of the Interior, 2013. Web. 22 Sept. 2013. <http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/pdf/fedlands/BIA_2.pdf>.
I used this current map to compare to an 1885 map of Indian lands.
Ritual Ceremony Conferring Citizenship on a Class of Crow Indians. 1916. Photograph. The Sad Red Earth: Warriors in Transition. 4 Nov. 2011. Web. 15 Sept. 2013. <http://sadredearth.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/IMG_20111009_163641.jpg>.
This image shows a 1916 Crow citizenship ceremony, including the bow that is given to the US government.
Stuart, Gilbert. Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States. 1828(?). Library of Congress. America's Story from America's Library. Library of Congress. Web. 22 Sept. 2013. <http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_jefferso_1.html>.
I used this biography for an image of Thomas Jefferson to accompany the quotation of his 1803 letter to Congress.
"Tuscarora. Tribu De La Confederación Iroquesa." Pueblos Originarios. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2013. <http://pueblosoriginarios.com/norte/bosques/tuscarora/tuscarora.html>.
I used this overview of the Tuscarora for its 1937 National Geographic image of Chief Rickard. I couldn't find the image on the National Geographic website, but this website cites the National Geographic as the source of the image.
United States Department of the Interior advertisement offering 'Indian Land for Sale'. Digital image. N.p., 11 June 2011. Web. 7 Sept. 2013. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg>.
This 1911 advertisement from the Department of the Interior is very explicit about land taken from Indians for use by non-Indians, as a result of the Dawes Act and Burke Amendment.
This is a digital image of the front page of the Indian Citizenship Act.
Brodie, Paul. "Map of Indian Reservations in the US." Map. N.p.: n.p., 1885. N. pag.Mapping the Land and Its People. State Historical Society of North Dakota, 2013. Web. 22 Sept. 2013. <http://digitalhorizonsonline.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/uw-ndshs&CISOPTR=2329>.
I used this map to compare Indian land in 1885 to a current map.
Crofutt, George A. American Progress. 1873. Prints & Photographs Online Catalog. Library of Congress. Web. 15 Sept. 2013. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3b40000/3b49000/3b49200/3b49232r.jpg>.
This iconic image of Manifest Destiny shows the white settlers pushing the Indian residents out of their land.
Campaign Button, 1912. Digital image. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. US House of Representatives, n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2013. <http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000666>.
This campaign button was the only image of Homer P. Snyder, author of the Indian Citizenship Act, that I could find online. I wanted a more formal portrait like the other photographs I used on the website, but could not find any.
Citizenship Ceremony. 1917. Photograph. State Historical Society of North Dakota. Reflections on the Relationships: Tribes and State. United Tribes Technical College, 10 Oct. 2008. Web. 15 Sept. 2013. <http://www.uttc.edu/news/speech/101008_01.asp>.
This photograph shows Lakota and Dakota citizens of the Standing Rock Sioux tribe receiving the patents to their land. Also evident in the photo are the elements of the US citizenship ceremony that Major James MacLaughlin created - the bow given to the US government, and the plow given to the new US citizen - as well as the US flag.
Dawes, Henry Laurens. N.d. Photograph. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. US House of Representatives. Web. 15 Sept. 2013. <http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=d000148>.
I used the image of Representative Dawes, author of the Dawes Act of 1887, from the biographical directory.
Ellis Island Processing. N.d. Photograph. Google Historical Voyages And Events "Ancestors' Journeys" Web. 15 Sept. 2013. <http://housecallsinthegardenstate.com/images/EllisIslandProcessing.jpg>.
I used the image of Ellis Island Processing as a contrast to the experience of Indians in the US.
Elsworth, Catherine. "Sitting Bull's Tribe Declares Independence." The Telegraph. N.p., 21 Dec. 2007. Web. 28 Sept. 2013. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1573343/Sitting-Bulls-tribe-declares-independence.html>.
This article from the Telegraph shows the international impact of the Lakota declaration of independence in 2007. I used the image of Russell Means from this article.
French, Herbert E. President Calvin Coolidge Posed with Natives, Possibly from the Plateau Area in the Northwestern United States, near the South Lawn of the White House. Digital image. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/94508991/>.
This image was taken February 18, 1925, after the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.
Grand-Jean, Laura. "Preserving a culture: Native American Writing, Religion, and Tradition.” N.p., 2001. Web. 20 Sept. 2013. <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/incorp/native/nativetrad.html>.
I used this website for the image of Zitkala-Sa. Several other photos online had her dressed in traditional Dakota clothing, but she was the secretary of the Society of American Indians, which advocated for integration and fitting into mainstream American society. Therefore, I decided to use a photo of her not in immediately identifiable traditional Dakota clothing.
"Henry Laurens Dawes." NNDB. Soylent Communications, 2013. Web. 20 Sept. 2013. <http://www.nndb.com/people/116/000096825/>.
I used this biography for the image of Senator Dawes.
"Indian Lands." Map. National Atlas of the United States of America. US Department of the Interior, 2013. Web. 22 Sept. 2013. <http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/pdf/fedlands/BIA_2.pdf>.
I used this current map to compare to an 1885 map of Indian lands.
Ritual Ceremony Conferring Citizenship on a Class of Crow Indians. 1916. Photograph. The Sad Red Earth: Warriors in Transition. 4 Nov. 2011. Web. 15 Sept. 2013. <http://sadredearth.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/IMG_20111009_163641.jpg>.
This image shows a 1916 Crow citizenship ceremony, including the bow that is given to the US government.
Stuart, Gilbert. Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States. 1828(?). Library of Congress. America's Story from America's Library. Library of Congress. Web. 22 Sept. 2013. <http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_jefferso_1.html>.
I used this biography for an image of Thomas Jefferson to accompany the quotation of his 1803 letter to Congress.
"Tuscarora. Tribu De La Confederación Iroquesa." Pueblos Originarios. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2013. <http://pueblosoriginarios.com/norte/bosques/tuscarora/tuscarora.html>.
I used this overview of the Tuscarora for its 1937 National Geographic image of Chief Rickard. I couldn't find the image on the National Geographic website, but this website cites the National Geographic as the source of the image.
United States Department of the Interior advertisement offering 'Indian Land for Sale'. Digital image. N.p., 11 June 2011. Web. 7 Sept. 2013. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg>.
This 1911 advertisement from the Department of the Interior is very explicit about land taken from Indians for use by non-Indians, as a result of the Dawes Act and Burke Amendment.